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Konvenční hustota dřeva kmenové části břízy bělokoré (Betula pendula Roth.) v závislosti na struktuře porostu
Hauserová, Eliška
The aim of this thesis was determination of basic density of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), from segments taken from the breast height, in relation with the stand structure. The research was conducted in area Nízký Jeseník and Slavkov. The segments were taken by Pressler auger in three stands with different age per the area. The average basic density of the silver birch is 491,1 kg∙m-3 (Velká Polom) and 504,2 kg∙m-3 (Slavkov). The positive correlation was found out between the basic density and the age. The dependency between basic density with height and diameter at breast height is very low. The other matter was the determination of variability of basic density along the stem height– the values increases with the height of the tree. The analysis of possible relation between the basic density and the average tree-rings width showed that the dependency is low.
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The importance of woodlots and their ecological characteristics for birds in an intensively managed agricultural landscape
Rajmonová, Lenka ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Šálek, Martin (referee)
Various types of woody vegetation are a key biodiversity refugee in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. However, the role of woodlots, representing an important type of such a vegetation, remains overlooked so far. Whereas the previous studies focused on the effect of their area, shape and isolation, consequences of variation in their habitat quality for biodiversity were not assessed up to now. This thesis is thus one of the first studies focusing on woodlots as a specific habitat for birds in agricultural landscape. My goals were: (I) to find out what is the bird community composition of woodlots in a Czech landscape, (II) to find out, what are the key habitat predictors of bird species richness and abundance in woodlots, (III) to describe differences in habitat preferences among various guilds and (IV) to formulate recommendations for conservational practice. I surveyed birds in 82 woodlots in an intensively managed landscape in Central Bohemia, Czechia, and measured variables describing woodlots' habitat quality together with woodlots' area, shape, isolation and types of surrounding land-use. I recorded numerous forest and non-forest bird species (57 in total), including some endangered farmland birds. The habitat variables showing significant relationships to bird community...
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Vliv přesného setí na kvalitu založení porostu a výnos ozimé pšenice
Kopecký, Petr
The Master thesis contains literary review and practical evaluation of the field research by two technologies of seeding. The first part of the literary review describes seeding of the wheat. Next part mentions the issues density and the competitiveness of the crop stand. Following chapters describes the seeding to the line and the precision seeding. Next chapter describes equipment for the precision drilling. Practical part of the thesis describes the research started 2014 in the school research station in Žabčice. In the research were used the varieties of the winter wheat Bohemia and Tobac. They were drilled by the pneumatic seeding-machine and by the seeding-machine prototype Farmet for the precision drilling of cereal. In the research was also evaluated the influence of the seed quantity, seeded in 4 variations from 1 up to 4 million grains for hectare.
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The structure and model development of relict pine stands in the NNR Adršpašsko-teplické skály.
Šimonová, Berenika ; Vacek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Miroslav, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with the structure and evolution model of relict stands of pine forests in the NPR Adršpašsko-teplické skály. Measurements were performed on four permanent research plots. These were established in the past and have dimensions 50 x 50 meters. By using Field-Map technology were recorded locations of all individuals of tree layer, natural regeneration, the position of stumps and dead wood in these areas. By the direct measurement were recorded growth characteristics. The measured data were evaluated by mathematical-statistical methods. The resulting data were used to assess the structure and for prediction of development of the undergrowth as the basis for the creation of nature-friendly management in similar habitat and vegetation conditions of natural pine forests.
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The structure of native pine stands in eastern Bohemia.
Marková, Kateřina ; Vacek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Miroslav, Miroslav (referee)
Abstract
This work deals with the issue of the structure of pine stands also in Europe with a focus on natural forests in the Czech Republic and, in particular, in Eastern Bohemia. The work shows the characteristics of the area of interest Třebechovické the Board and in the NPR Adršpach-Teplice Rocks, and in particular the site and stand conditions. The goal is to acquire knowledge about the structure and evolution of the natural pines in Eastern Bohemia, focusing, in particular, n poor acidified in the bory Třebechovické boards and relict pine forests in the NPR Adršpach-Teplice Rocks. For measurements in the field system was used by the Field-Map, the biometric characteristics are measured stand (the stem thickness, height of trees, the height of the deployment the Green Crown, Crown projection, the location of the trees in the shade), the position of the dead wood and from them created situational maps of the areas. The results obtained will serve primarily as the basis for the creation of the nature of the middle management in pine stands in a similar site and stand conditions.
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Demonstration object of forest stands conversion in the regional district Modrava (NP Šumava) - analysis of the initial state
Buršíková, Rút ; Remeš, Jiří (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
This work establishes demonstration object of close-to-nature management in Šumava National Park. Demonstration object represents habitats of acidophilous beech-spruce forests. Considering that spruce forests occur in unnatural proportion in even-aged monocultures, there has been proposed reconstruction of current forest stands in structurally rich forests. This work analyses initial state of the forest stands and present forestry management, including grazing management which is a necessary step for suitable management proposal. Detail monitoring takes place on specified parts of demonstration object. Six permanent round-shaped plots were established, each of 0,1ha. Three of the plots are localized in 31 years old pole timber stand without any stand tending. Conversion by stabilizing thinning has been started here, using the method of target trees. Thinning focused on stability support, because the forest stands were significantly damaged by grazing. Other three permanent plots are localized in 61 years old tended forest stands. Thinning is recommended in these sites as well to support stability of forest stand and support of future target trees.
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The influence of long - term fertilization on the lucerne forage quality
Čítková, Lenka ; Hakl, Josef (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
Forage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is essential in relation to animal feeding. The increase of available nutrients in the soil by fertilization is one of the ways to influence it. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of long-term fertilization on the quality and the stand structure of alfalfa.
The long - term experiment with fertilization was established in 1955 at the Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague - Ruzyně. The experiment with alfalfa stand was established in the spring of 2013, as undersowing alfalfa in spring barley. Six different variants of fertilization were evaluated: an organic or mineral unfertilized variant (control variant); the mineral fertilized variants with low and high doses of N - P - K; a variant fertilized only with manure and the variants fertilized with manure and a combination of low and high doses of N - P - K. The forage samples were taken from the first cut in 2015, in four replications, and the number of plants/m2 (R / m2), the number of stems/m2 (L/m2) and the maximum stem length (MSL) was determined. The mass percentage of leaves was determined in the ten longest stems. The crude protein content (CP), the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) were determined in the samples.
The mineral fertilization significantly influenced the stand structure, while the increasing doses of mineral fertilizers decreased the number of plants/m2. The number of stems/m2 was not clearly influenced even by one type of fertilization. The maximum length of stems increased with the mineral fertilization. Although the yield on the monitored plots was not affected by the fertilization, there is shown an increasing trend with increasing doses of the mineral fertilizers, as it is positively correlated with the length of stems. The mass fraction of leaves was reduced by mineral fertilization. The organic fertilization increased the CP content in the leaves, while fertilization with mineral nitrogen showed a tendency to decrease the CP content in the forage. The content of NDF and NDFD of forage is increasing with the organic fertilizers. High doses of mineral fertilizers have a negative effect on NDFD in alfalfa stems, while in the leaves N - P - K fertilization has a positive effect on NDFD. The combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers, culminating with the higher dose of N - P - K has a positive effect on NDFD.
The effect of the long - term fertilization on forage quality can manifest differently in the leaves and stems of legumes. Therefore, it is advisable to monitor the quality of these parts separately. The mineral fertilizers significantly affects the stand structure and increases yield, which has rather a negative effect on the quality. The organic fertilization does not substantially increase yields, but it improves forage quality, especially the digestibility.
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The influence of the number of plants on the yield of winter wheat in the context of precision seeding technologies
Paclt, Ladislav ; Brant, Václav (advisor) ; Zábranský, Petr (referee)
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most commonly grown cereal in the Czech Republic. The sowing area covers about 795 000 hectares. Quality seed is a good basis for the formation of stand structure during development, which is reflected in the yield and quality of production. The structure of the stand is shaped primarily by the number of plants per unit area, thereby the amount of seed rate. In traditional agricultural practice, the amount of seed rate is determined mainly by sowing date and agricultural production area. It is used convertion MKZ to weight in kg. Required quantity of seed is therefore given in kg and not in seed number. Commonly used seeding-machines moreover, are not able to precisely follow the seed sown.
The aim of this study was based on field experiments to assess the effect of different seeding rates in precision sowing on wheat yield. It is known that wheat plants have exceptional compensation capability, which consists mainly in tillering. When precise positioning of seeds per unit area, which maximally eliminates competition between plants, therefore, even in reduced seed rate should not shown to decrease yield. It was also evaluated the effect of the application of fertilizer during sowing into the zone of plant roots.
Field experiments were carried out in the years 2014/2015 in the locality Budihostice (Central Bohemia), GPS coordinates 50 ° 17'48.664 "N, 14 ° 14'36.130" E. For seeding carried out 3. 10. 2014 was used test modular drill Farmet with width of 1.5 m and with the use of precision seeding. The zonal application to a depth of 85 and 180 mm at seeding was used NPK fertilizer (15/15/15) in a uniform dose of 80 kg/ha. Seed rate in the experimental plots ranged from 200 to 350 grains per m2. Control variant representing conventionally planting was established with a seed rate of 450 grains per m2. Total was based six variants without fertilization, six variants with the location of the fertilizer to a depth loosening of 85 and 180 mm and the control variant. Harvest was 30. 7. 2015.
Differences in the number of plants are primarily reflected in the number of ears on a single plant. This factor was the most important yield-forming element. Lower yield compared with the control variant, which achieved yield 9,509 t/ha, was set on plots with the number of plants under 200 pieces per m2. In areas with a number of plants more than 200 pieces per m2 was beyond one variant set higher yield. Variants with the number of plants more than 230 pieces per m2 and fertilization achieved a higher yield than areas without fertilization. These differences were not statistically significant. Influence of zonal fertilization was not surely proved.
The experiments have shown that reducing the number of plants per unit area may be due stand compensation capability provide similar yields as conventional variant.
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Vliv dřevinné skladby a stáří lesních porostů na složení hnízdních ornitocenóz
Neoralová, Kateřina
This thesis evaluates the influence of selected stand characteristics of deciduous forest on the composition of nesting ornithocenosis. Especially the influence of the composition of forest stand age and structure and abundance of cavity trees. Using the point counting method, composition of nesting birds has been found on 50 census points located systematically in the stands of different ages and with different tree composition (mainly various presence of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus spp.)). There were 1119 birds in total belonging to 38 species. It turned out that the presence of oak in vegetation affects the numbers of Finches, Great Spotted Woodpeckers, Blue Tits, Blackbirds, Golden Orioles, Cuckoos and Wood Pigeons. Presence of beech in forests affected some bird species with the opposite trend to the presence of oak in most cases. The number of species and individuals and diversity of bird communities at the census points increased with increasing presence of oak and decreased with the presence of beech. Stand age and spatial structure appeared to be an important factor in the occurrence of some bird species. The highest number of species has been recorded in the old stands. Cavity trees appeared primarily in old forests and had an impact on the presence of the Collared Flycatcher, Nuthatch, Chiffchaff and Willow Warbler. Generally, diversity and the number of species and individuals increased with the number of cavity trees. Nesting densities were calculated. Birds with the highest brood densities were Chaffinch, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Blue Tit, Chiffchaff and Great Spotted Woodpecker. Decreased abundance of ornithofauna during the nesting season has also been shown.
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Plodnost dubu letního na území CHKO Litovelské Pomoraví - porostní variabilita a distribuce opadu
Sitta, Josef
This diploma thesis deals with fruitfulness and stand structure of Pedunculate oak mature stands (Quercus robur L.) in the Protected Landscape Area Litovelské Pomoraví. Aim of this thesis is to determine variability in stand structure and fruitfulness. A partial aim was to analyse a litter distribution under the single oak trees. In total 4 groups of stands and 3 single oak trees were analysed. Stand structure was detected by using Field Map technology on transects. This survey was representation of individual tree species, standing volume inventory, tree height, tree crown height, then positions of individual trees and their crown projection. Thereafter the indices of aggregation and competition were detected. Fruitfulness was studied in years 2013 and 2014 on plots about 1 m2 located in the center transect at intervals of 5 m. The seed containers were used as a control. Representation of oak according to the number spread over a 21 % to 38 %, according to breast-height circular base from 35% to 66 % and according to standing volume inventory from 40 % to 73 %. The fruitfull intensity in 2013 varied from 0 to 65 pcs and in 2014 from 0 to 31 pcs. The highest harvest was in stand with the largest number of oak trees. The abundance of acorns under the single oak trees from the bottom of the trunk to the edge of the crown was possible to describe by linear trend y=25,3926-0,0344×x in 2013 and y=2,2206-0,0047×x in 2014.
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